鍛造是一種利用鍛壓機(jī)械對(duì)金屬坯料施加壓力，使其產(chǎn)生塑性變形以獲得具有一定機(jī)械性能、一定形狀和尺寸鍛件的加工方法，鍛壓（鍛造與沖壓）的兩大組成部分之一。

Forging is a kind of forging process that uses pressure forming machinery to exert pressure on metal billet and make it produce plastic deformation to obtain certain processing methods of forging, which has certain mechanical properties, shape and size, and is one of the two components of forging, forging and stamping.

在考慮鍛造工藝時(shí)特別是后一火的鍛造時(shí)，應(yīng)盡量避免在臨界變形程度下進(jìn)行，以免得到粗大晶粒組織。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，高溫下金屬塑性好，變形抗力小，應(yīng)采用遠(yuǎn)大于臨界變形程度的較大變形量鍛造；低溫修正時(shí)采用低于臨界變形程度的小變形量進(jìn)行局部修整。

When the forging process is cidered, especially when the last fire is forged, the critical deformation should be avoided as far as , so as to avoid coarse grain structure. Concretely speaking, high temperature metal has good plasticity and small deformation resistance. We should adopt large deformation amount forging far greater than critical deformation degree. When low temperature correction is used, small deformation below critical deformation degree should be used for local trimming.

由于熱變形形成纖維組織，會(huì)使金屬的力學(xué)性能出現(xiàn)異向性，即縱向力學(xué)性能指標(biāo)中的A，Z，Ak比橫向相應(yīng)的指標(biāo)大得多，兩個(gè)方向上的強(qiáng)度Rm。Re差別不大。

Due to the formation of fibrous microstructure by thermal deformation, the mechanical properties of metals will be different. That is, A, Z and Ak in longitudinal mechanical properties are much larger than those itransverse direction, and the strength in two directi is Rm. Re is not very different.

基本工序：自由鍛造時(shí)，鍛件的形狀是通過(guò)一些基本變形工序?qū)⑴髁现鸩藉懗傻?。自由鍛造的基本工序有鐓粗、拔長(zhǎng)、沖孔、彎曲和切斷等。

The basic process is: free forging, the shape of forging is gradually formed by some basic deformation processes. The basic process of free forging is upsetting, drawing, punching, bending and cutting.