低塑性拔長時(shí)，應(yīng)注意選擇合適的送進(jìn)比，送進(jìn)比太小時(shí)，變形集中在上下部，中心都鍛不透，并沿軸向產(chǎn)生拉鍛造應(yīng)關(guān)于鍛件的一些基本知識力，導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部橫向裂紋產(chǎn)生。在鐓粗時(shí)，常用軟襯墊鐓粗或疊鐓（用于鍛薄餅形零件），以改善變形的不均勻性，防止產(chǎn)生表面裂紋。鍛造工藝過程一般由以下工序組成，即選取優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼坯下料、加熱、成形、鍛后冷卻。

When low plasticity is pulled out, attention should be paid to selecting suitable delivery ratio, sending too much time, deformation  on the upper and lower parts, and the center can not be built, and forging along the axial direction should be related to some basic knowledge of forging, resulting in the occurrence of internal transverse cracks. In the upsetting, commonly used soft liner (for upsetting or folding upsetting forging thin pancake, uneven parts) to improve the deformation, prevent the generation of cracks on the surface.

機(jī)器鍛造是自由鍛造的主要方法，可鍛造質(zhì)量達(dá)到幾百噸的大型鍛件，這使得自由鍛在重型機(jī)械制造中具有特別重要的作用。例如，水輪機(jī)主軸、多拐曲軸、大型連桿、重要的齒輪零件，在工作時(shí)都承受很大的載荷，常采用自由鍛造方法生產(chǎn)毛坯，使其具有很高的力學(xué)性能.滿足使用要求。手工自由鍛生產(chǎn)效率低，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大，僅用于修配或簡單、小型、小批鍛件的生產(chǎn)。

Machine forging is the main method of free forging. It can forge large forgings with a quality of hundreds of t, which makes free forging play a very role in heavy machinery manufacturing. For example, the main shaft of a hydraulic turbine, a multi crank crankshaft, a large connecting rod, and important gear parts are subjected to heavy loads when they are working. Free forging is often used to produce blanks, so that they have high mechanical properties.

鍛造設(shè)備是指在鍛造加工中用于成形和分離的機(jī)械設(shè)備。鍛造設(shè)備包括成形用的鍛錘、機(jī)械壓力機(jī)、液壓機(jī)、螺旋壓力機(jī)和平鍛機(jī)，以及鍛造操作機(jī)、開卷機(jī)、矯正機(jī)、剪切機(jī)、等輔助設(shè)備。

Forging equipment is the mechanical equipment for forming and separating in forging. Forging equipment includes forging hammer, mechanical press, hydraulic press, screw press, forging machine, forging machine, coiler, straightening machine, shearing machine, and other auxiliary equipment.