自由鍛的基本工序主要有鐓粗、拔長(zhǎng)、沖孔、切割、彎曲、扭轉(zhuǎn)、錯(cuò)移及鍛接等。模鍛又分為開(kāi)式模鍛和閉式模鍛．金屬坯料在具有一定形狀的鍛模膛內(nèi)受壓變形而獲得鍛件，模鍛一般用于生產(chǎn)重量不大、批量較大的零件。

The basic process of free forging are upsetting, stretching, punching, cutting, bending, torsion, displacement and welding etc.. Die forging is also divided into open die forging and closed die forging. metal billets are pressed and deformed to form forgings in the forging die chamber with a certain shape, and die forging is generally used for producing parts with small weight and large batches.

自由鍛造所用的工具簡(jiǎn)單，加工方法通用性強(qiáng)，生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期短，因而應(yīng)用較為廣泛。自由鍛分為手工鍛造和機(jī)器鍛造兩種。手工鍛造只能生產(chǎn)小型鍛件，生產(chǎn)率也較低。

The tool used for free forging is simple, the versatile and the production period is short, so it is widely used. Free forging is divided into two kinds: manual forging and machine  Manual forging can only produce small forgings, and the productivity is low.

在芯棒上拔長(zhǎng)。鍛造時(shí)，先芯棒插入沖好孔的坯料中，然后當(dāng)作實(shí)心坯料進(jìn)行拔長(zhǎng)。拔長(zhǎng)時(shí)，一般不是一次拔成，先將坯料拔成六角形，鍛到所需長(zhǎng)度后，再倒角滾圓，取出芯棒。為便于取出芯棒，芯棒 的工作部分應(yīng)有1：100 左右的斜度。

Pull on the mandrel. When forging, insert the mandrel into the billet of the hole and then pull it out as a solid billet. When drawing, it is not usually drawn at one time. First, the blank is drawn into a hexagonal shape, forged to the required length, then chamfered and rounded, and the mandrel is removed. To facilitate the removal of the mandrel, the working part of the mandrel should have a slope of about 1:100.

鐓粗主要有以下形式：

完全鐓粗。完全鐓粗是將坯料豎直放在砧面上， 在上砧的錘擊下， 使坯料產(chǎn)生高度減小，橫截面積增大的塑性變形。

Upsetting mainly includes the following forms:

Full upsetting. Complete upsetting is to place the blank vertically on the anvil surface, hammering on the anvil, so that the height of the blank decreases, the cross-sectional area increases plastic deformation.